Peter masse bozeman4/12/2023 These include, but are not limited to, the UK Biobank ( 17, 18), Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort ( 19), as well as aggregation of Framingham Heart Study, Women’s Health Initiative and Jackson Heart Study ( 20). In recent years, however, the field has observed an emergence of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from large cohorts. Human genetics research identifying the specific genetic variants, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), associated with PA has been stagnant in the past decade since De Moor, Liu ( 16) identified 37 SNPs clustered near 3 genes ( DNAPTP6, PAPSS2, and C18orf2), chiefly due to lack of studies with sufficiently large sample sizes. Given the nontrivial contribution of genomic factors in predicting variance in PA (~30%), it deserves to be considered in more detail. A large body of behavioral genetics research indicates that genomic factors can predict a substantial proportion of variance in PA (30–78%), exercise participation (48–71%), and sports participation (35–83%), as evidenced by twin studies ( 10– 15). Similarly, a substantial proportion of variance in PA behavior is accounted for by genomic variability. It is widely accepted that low rates of PA stem primarily from environmental factors, such as cars and elevators that have allowed people to move less ( 8, 9) but individuals respond differently to exogenous stimuli (e.g., obesogenic environment) due to an endogenous factors, such as age and sex ( 8). Thus, enhancing PA rate among middle-aged adults has high public health relevance. In particular, a sharp decline in PA is observed after age 45–50 ( 5– 7). However, only half (51.6%) of US adults meet the national guidelines of expending 500–1000 metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes (~1000kacl) per week through PA ( 4). Over the past seventy years, biomedical and epidemiological research has shown that regular physical activity (PA) is critical for physical and mental health ( 1– 3).
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